Tampa Bay Criminal Defense Lawyer Blog

Tampa Bay teacher accused of drug trafficking

Fri, 18 May 2012 14:44:53 -0500

An article in today's Tampa Bay Times talks about a former Tampa teacher who has been arrested for drug trafficking after he was accused of stealing over 9000 hydrocodone and 7000 alprazolam pills!

The man worked as a technician for CVS pharmacy and took these pills over a period of just over two months. Previously, he had been a teacher at a Lutz high school but the principal has already stated that the man would not be coming back to teach.

This article brings up two important considerations: 1. How this current "pill scourge" can trap anyone and 2. the role of sentencing guidelines for trafficking amounts of illegal drugs.

1. Drug addiction may be more common then you can imagine: As a criminal defense lawyer, I get to see the real cost and face of drug addiction everyday. The common myth is that most drug addicts were always poor, uneducated and from the proverbial "wrong side of the tracks". In reality, drug addiction can and does strike rich, poor, unemployed, doctors, lawyers, teachers and all professions.

The state of Florida has spent millions of dollars studying the patterns of drug addiction. The most important trend they found was that drug use/addiction has been starting at a younger age. These stats found prescription drugs in particular were being abused at a much earlier rate then just a few years before. This early experimentation that often turns to abuse is what many experts believe is causing the rapid increases in pill addicition.

2. Sentencing guidelines for trafficking and the "war on drugs"...what you need to know.

When most people think of drug trafficking, they often imagine a drug kingpin such as "Scarface" or a heavily organized empire selling illegal narcotics. In reality, a person can be charged with drug trafficking not just on a sale but by merely possessing a controlled substance in a sufficient amount to trigger the trafficking charge! With certain drugs, it does not take much at all to be charged with drug trafficking. Florida statute 893.135 goes into great detail about the weights and punishment that may result from its violation.

In particular section (c) shows how few pills it actually takes before the "minimum mandatory" prison time and large fines become reality. This section reads as follows:

(c)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 4 grams or more of any morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, or any salt, derivative, isomer, or salt of an isomer thereof, including heroin, as described in s. 893.03(1)(b), (2)(a), (3)(c)3., or (3)(c)4., or 4 grams or more of any mixture containing any such substance, but less than 30 kilograms of such substance or mixture, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as "trafficking in illegal drugs," punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:

a. Is 4 grams or more, but less than 14 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.

b. Is 14 grams or more, but less than 28 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.

c. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 calendar years and pay a fine of $500,000.

In reality four gram's weight worth of these drugs are not much. This is the weight of 5-6 pills, a weight that could put a person in prison for three years and give them a $50,000 fine! Another important point is that this weight is not just the drug itself, but any fillers it is combined with such as aspirin or mixers! For instance, if a person is caught with 6 MG of oxycodone pills they could be charged with drug trafficking. In reality, the actual amount of oxycodone that would be possessed would probably be well under a gram, the rest would be a combination of fillers and mixers.

Coming up, another blog post will go into more detail about drug trafficking sentences and possible ways to avoid or lessen these "minimum mandatory" sentences.

Clearwater, Florida: 20 most commonly asked questions regarding sealing and expunging criminal record. By Rex Blake, Esq.

Wed, 09 May 2012 14:46:46 -0500

At Blake & Dorsten, P.A. many of our clients have questions regarding the sealing or expunging of their criminal records. Generally speaking, if you have received a "withhold of adjudication" or have had your case dropped including a not guilty verdict of trial, you may be eligible to seal or expunge your criminal record. It is important to consider sealing/expunging the record because future employers may do a back ground search on you to determine your history. By sealing or expunging your record, you can testify under oath that the arrest never occurred.

Florida Statutes section 943.0585 and Florida Statute Section 943.059, set forth the criteria that must be met in order to be eligible to have an adult criminal history record sealed or expunged. In addition, these statutes also state that in order to have a criminal history record sealed or expunged within the State of Florida, an individual must first make application to the FDLE for a Certificate of Eligibility. Please note that the issuance of a Certificate of Eligibility does not mean that your criminal history record will be ordered sealed or expunged. It merely indicates that you are statutorily eligible for the type of relief that is being requested. The criminal history record of a minor may also be eligible for other forms of expunction, I address this issue below:

After speaking with clients throughout the years as a Clearwater and St. Petersburg Criminal Defense attorney, I have complied the 20 most frequently asked questions our clients have regarding their sealing/expunging their criminal record.

1. How do I get my records sealed or expunged?
The lawyers at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. have handled hundreds of sealing and expungment applications. A free consultation with them can assist you with the process. The FDLE provides applications for Certification of Eligibility to the Clerk of Courts in all sixty-seven (67) counties throughout the State of Florida. The lawyers at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. have the applications prepared and ready to file for you.
A. Section A of the application must be completed and signed in the presence of a notary public.

B. The applicant must be fingerprinted by authorized law enforcement personnel or a criminal justice agency. The fingerprint card must include the applicant's name, race, sex, date of birth, social security number, and signature, prior to submission to FDLE.

C. The applicant must provide a certified disposition of the case that he/she is applying to have sealed or expunged.

D. A NONREFUNDABLE money order or cashier's check for $75.00 made payable to the FDLE must accompany the application.

E. If you are requesting an expunction of a criminal history record, the State Attorney or Statewide Prosecutor with jurisdiction over your case must complete Section B of the application. (If not completed, the application will be processed as a sealing of your criminal history record).

F. A NONREFUNDABLE money order or cashier's check for approximately $65.00 must also be paid to the clerk of the court in the competent jurisdiction. The price various depending on the charge and the situation.

Once FDLE has issued the Certificate of Eligibility to seal or expunge a criminal history record, the next step is to file a petition for relief, along with the Certificate of Eligibility and the required affidavit, in the court in the county of the arrest. The issuance of the Certificate of Eligibility is not the final step in the Sealing/Expunction process, nor does it guarantee that a criminal history record will be sealed or expunged. The final decision to Seal/Expunge your criminal history is placed by law in the sound discretion of the court.

2. Why do I have a criminal history record when the charges against me were dropped/dismissed?
The Florida Legislature has determined that Florida criminal history records are public unless the record is sealed or expunged. See Florida Statute Section 943.053(3), which provides for public access to criminal history records. The term "criminal history information" is defined, tracking the federal definition, at Section 943.045(4), Florida Statutes. A criminal history record is created when a person is arrested and fingerprinted, and includes the disposition of that arrest, whether it is a conviction, acquittal, dismissal of charges before trial, or other disposition.

3. Should I obtain a copy of my criminal history record prior to applying for a Certificate of Eligibility?
Under Florida and federal law, an individual has the right to request a copy of his or her criminal history record for purposes of review, to ensure that it is both accurate and complete. This process is known as a Personal Review. The requestor may examine the record obtained through Personal Review for accuracy and to challenge any information contained within the criminal history record that the record subject believes is inaccurate or incomplete. No charge is assessed by FDLE for this service. See Florida Statutes Section, 943.056. A Personal Review allows an individual to determine which, if any, date(s) of arrest the applicant will be eligible to have sealed or expunged. However, obtaining a personal review is not a prerequisite to applying for a certificate of eligibility to seal or expunge a criminal history record. The lawyers at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. often have records to the clerk records and criminal history. We can advise you of your past record and whether you would be eligible for a sealing or an expungement.

4. What is the difference between having a criminal history record sealed vs. expunged?
When a criminal history record is sealed, the public will not have access to it. Certain governmental or related entities, primarily those listed in s. 943.059(4)(a), Florida Statutes, have access to sealed record information in its entirety.
When a record has been expunged, those entities which would have access to a sealed record will be informed that the subject of the record has had a record expunged, but would not have access to the record itself without a court order. All they would receive is a caveat statement indicating that "Criminal Information has been Expunged from this Record".

5. When is my criminal history record sealed or expunged?
Once an order has been issued by the court of competent jurisdiction to seal or expunge your criminal history record and a certified copy of this order has been received by the FDLE, it will be complied with in accordance with state statutes. In Pinellas County, Florida, the chief Judge will sign the order sealing or expunging your recod.

6. How many dates of arrest can I have sealed or expunged?
The eligibility criteria for an applicant to have a record sealed or expunged include the requirement that the applicant be able to attest that he or she has never previously had a record sealed or expunged in Florida or in another jurisdiction. This means, in effect, that a person may only seal or expunge one arrest record in one proceeding. More than one record may be sealed or expunged in the same proceeding if the court, in its sole discretion, finds the arrests to be directly related.

A record that is initially ineligible for expunction (e.g., where adjudication is withheld) may become eligible after it has been sealed for 10 years. However, a person may not seal or expunge one arrest record and then, later and in a different proceeding, ask to have a different arrest record sealed or expunged. An expunction or sealing which occurs automatically or by operation of law, without any action on the part of the record subject, is not considered a prior expunction or sealing for this purpose. By law, s. 943.0582(8), Florida Statutes, a juvenile diversion expunge does not prevent the record subject from seeking a judicial expunction or sealing under s. 943.0585 or s. 943.059, Florida Statutes.
7. What charges may not be sealed?
A list of charges that may not be sealed when adjudication is withheld is included with the application package, and is also enumerated in s. 943.059, Florida Statutes. (The same listing is found in s. 943.0585, because the specified offenses may not be expunged either.) In addition, if a person has been adjudicated guilty of any criminal offense in any jurisdiction (or adjudicated delinquent for any felony or for certain specified misdemeanors), whether or not related to the charge(s) that the person is applying for, the record is ineligible for sealing and the application will be denied.

8. What charges may be expunged?
The same eligibility requirements which apply to sealing also apply to expunction, with certain additional requirements. Any charge, which resulted in a withholding of adjudication or in an acquittal (not guilty verdict) after trial, may not be expunged unless and until it has first been sealed for at least 10 years. See s. 943.0585(2)(h), Florida Statutes. A charge which was dismissed before trial (e.g., no information, nolle prosequi, no bill, etc.) may be expunged immediately provided all charges related to the arrest were so disposed of, and the record is otherwise eligible.

9. Can I appeal the denial of my application for a Certificate of Eligibility to seal or expunge my criminal history record?If you believe that the denial of your application for Certification of Eligibility is in error, you may ask that the denial be reviewed. If the denial is based on information in your criminal history record that is believed to be in error or incomplete, the procedure for reviewing and correcting that record is given in Rule 11C-8.001, Florida Administrative Code. If you agree that the criminal history information is correct, but believe that the law has been incorrectly applied or interpreted in your case, you may appeal the decision of the FDLE. The appeal of a denial is to be handled within the court of competent jurisdiction.

10. If I receive a full pardon can I have my criminal history record sealed or expunged?
Unless the pardon indicates on its face that it entitles the record subject to seal or expunge his or her criminal history record, the granting of a full pardon does not remove any condition of ineligibility for sealing or expunging a criminal history record imposed by the disposition of the pardoned offense. See R.J.L. v. State, 887 So.2d 1268 (Fla. 2004).

11. If I receive clemency, will my record be automatically expunged?
No. Neither a full pardon, nor any other type of clemency, will automatically expunge or facilitate the expungement of your criminal record. You should contact the lawyers at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. for more information on the expungement or sealing of records after a person has received clemency.

12. If I have my civil rights restored, will my criminal history record disappear?
No. In order to have your civil rights restored you had to have been convicted (adjudicated guilty) of a felony that was the basis for your loss of civil rights. Persons who have been convicted (adjudicated guilty) of a felony are not eligible for a seal or expunge of their criminal history under Florida law, regardless of whether their civil rights have been restored.

13. Do I have to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility to have my juvenile criminal history record sealed or expunged?The following considerations are relevant to the decision whether to seek the judicial sealing or expunction of a juvenile criminal history record. Prior to October 1, 1994, juvenile arrest records were not maintained by FDLE in the criminal history record system. Juvenile arrests for felonies prior to October 1, 1994, and juvenile arrests for misdemeanors prior to July 1, 1996, are not available to the general public unless the juvenile was treated as an adult. Juvenile records are subject to an abbreviated retention schedule, if certain qualifications are met, which results in the automatic expunction of the record after a specified period, under s. 943.0515, Florida Statutes. Juvenile defendants who successfully complete a qualified diversion program, as set out in s. 943.0582, Florida Statutes, may be eligible for expunction of their record as the term is defined therein. If a person wishes to pursue the judicial sealing or expunction of his or her juvenile record, the eligibility criteria and procedure, which are similar to those for adults, are found in s. 943.059 and s. 943.0585, Florida Statutes.

14. If I have a criminal history record sealed or expunged in another state or jurisdiction, am I still eligible to have a criminal history record sealed or expunged within the State of Florida?If the other record were sealed or expunged by operation of law (administratively or automatically, without intervention or action by the subject of the record), then the out-of-state sealing or expunction would not prevent you from being eligible to have a record in Florida sealed or expunged. However, if the record was sealed or expunged because you petitioned to have it done by a court order, or otherwise actively sought the sealing or expunction, then you would not be eligible to have another record sealed or expunged.

15. How long does it typically take to receive a response from my application for a Certificate of Eligibility?
The current processing time will take at least (30) working days or less from the date the application is received, processed, and mailed back to the customer. However, it then must go to the clerk of court and the Judge in the competent jurisdiction. This can easily take another (30) working days or longer to process the application. We often tell our clients that it will take six to nine months from the beginning to the end of the process.

16. If I had a criminal history record sealed or expunged, and then had it vacated, could I apply to have a new date of arrest sealed or expunged?As s. 943.0585(2)(f) and s. 943.059(2)(e), Florida Statutes require that an applicant have never secured a prior sealing or expunction of a criminal history record under current or former law, having an earlier seal or expunge order vacated does not remove this disqualification.

17. Will FDLE notify the agencies involved with my case that the record has been sealed or expunged?
If the record is eligible and the court grants relief, FDLE will comply with the certified court order and seal or expunge the appropriate criminal history record. Once FDLE seals or expunges the criminal history record, a notification letter will be sent by FDLE to the arresting agency or agencies involved with your case. The notification letter is to inform the agencies that FDLE has received and has complied with the order in accordance with the seal or expunge statutes.

18. What type of background check is conducted by FDLE to determine my eligibility to have a criminal history record sealed or expunged?FDLE conducts criminal history record checks in Florida through the Florida Crime Information Center (FCIC), national record checks through the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), local Court databases, and driving history checks through the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV). These databases are utilized to determine the eligibility of an individual to have a criminal history record sealed or expunged.

19. Why is the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles checked to determine my eligibility to have my criminal history record sealed or expunged?A criminal offense such as DUI, Driving While License Suspended/canceled/revoked, or reckless driving may appear in the DHSMV database even though it may not be entered in the criminal history record system maintained by FDLE. Although non-criminal traffic offenses (such as careless driving) have no affect on eligibility to seal or expunge a criminal history record, an adjudication of guilty for any criminal offense renders the record ineligible for either form of relief.

20. Who should receive a copy of the order to seal or expunge a criminal history record?
If the record is eligible and the court grants relief, the Clerk of the Court by statute is responsible to certify a copy of the court order to the State Attorney's Office or the Statewide Prosecutors Office and the arresting agency or agencies. The arresting agency is then responsible for sending a certified copy of the court order to all agencies that are known to have received the criminal history information. In addition to FDLE, these agencies may include the Department of Corrections, Teen Courts, and Department of Juvenile Justice.

Florida Drug Offender Probation: What you need to know BEFORE agreeing to the terms.

Fri, 04 May 2012 11:53:44 -0500

Many Florida residences are often accused of crimes involving the illegal possession of controlled substances defined under Florida Statute section 893.13. Often people accused of these crimes are first time offenders or have often score non-state prison under the sentencing guidelines. Citizens scoring non-state prison are eligible for a term of probation that includes supervision by the Department of Corrections. A term of probation is often a very appealing offer from the State Attorney's Office because in can used in place of jail or a prison offer or insure that the client is not a convicted felon. However, many people are placed on drug offender probation for drug offenses without knowing the strict conditions imposed during the super vision period. Additionally, people do not fully understand the ramifications of violating drug offender probation. It is essential that people placed on probation understand the requirement and the consequences of the supervision BEFORE he or she agrees to go on probation.

Drug offender probation is defined in Florida statute section 948.20. If it appears to the court upon hearing that the defendant is a chronic substance abuser whose criminal conduct is a violation of Florida statute section 893.13(2)(a) or (6)(a), the court may either adjudge the defendant guilty or stay and withhold the adjudication of guilt; and, in, either case it may stay and withhold the imposition of a sentence and place a defendant on drug offender probation. This allows people accused of drug crimes to plea to the charge and not be a convicted felon. However, strict requirements must be followed. Under Florida Statute 948.20(1) drug offender status shall include surveillance AND random drug testing.

What does this mean? If you agree to a term of probation, the probation officer will have the opportunity to search your house at any time without first obtaining a warrant from a Judge. This means at any time for any reason, your probation office can show up to search for any illegal items. You have essentially waived your rights to unlawful search and seizure afforded by the constitution. Second, under Florida Statutes you are REQUIRED to be randomly drug tested. You can expect to check into a website on a daily basis and if your number is called you must provide a sample of your urine. Failure to do so in a timely manner may violate your probation.

Additional conditions of drug offender probation may include a curfew from 10pm to 6am. Probationers may not leave the county without permission of his or her probation officer. Client's placed on probation must pay $55 per month in costs of supervision. All financial requirement including fines and court costs MUST be paid by the end of the term. Failure to do so may result in a violation of probation warrant.

Any violation of these terms of conditions will lead to a violation of probation warrant issued for your arrest. Once the warrant is issued, you will be entitled to a bond and will be held in custody on a zero bond status. This means no matter how much money you may have you are not eligible to be bonded from jail. You may be plucked from your home or car and be sitting in the jail for days or weeks before a Judge agrees to give you a bond. In many cases, if you violate your probation you may do more jail time than originally offered for your sentence.

Before you decide to take a probation sentence, be familiar with the terms and requirements BEFORE you agree to take the deal. In many cases, people serve longer jail sentences on a violation of probation than the jail offer on their original charge. Agreeing to be placed on probation can be a wise decision. It may keep you from being a convicted felon and could keep you out of jail. However, be aware of the strict conditions imposed on probation. Understand that any violation of probation can land you in jail without the possibility of bonding out. It is important to realize that people often serve longer jail sentences for a violation of probation charge than on the offer on the original underlying drug charge. If adjudication was withheld, an admission of the violation of probation will erase all the hard work and effort to keep from being a convicted felon.

Pinellas County jail visitation ends in arrest after visitor "lets it all hang out"

Wed, 02 May 2012 16:20:20 -0500

A humorous story posted in the Tampa Bay Times website about a jail visitor. This man was visiting his incarcerated wife over video when he decided the video visitation should be a XXX one. The man, 46, was arrested for exposing his sexual organs, a misdemeanor. This carefree husband was booked into Pinellas county jail...the same place where this exposure took place.

While this story is humorous, it brings up a broader point. What rights do visitors have in jail? That depends on if the visitor is a loved one or if he/she is the accused's criminal defense lawyer. As a Pinellas criminal defense attorney, we are able to speak with our incarcerated clients face-to-face. Because of the attorney-client privilege, the meetings we have with clients or prospective clients can NOT be revealed, taped or recorded to ANYONE without the client's permission. This means when we are visiting a client who is locked up, we have special areas where there is no sound or video recordings and the guards can not listen in to our conversation. This protects both the client and the legal process.

Lastly, this article is another reminder of what else NOT to do if one is incarcerated. While exposing your sexual organs is never a good idea when in jail, one must be careful to not expose any information on their case to cellmates. The jail can be a lonely place and it is common to reach out to other people locked up with you. However, if one starts giving information about their charges, these same "friends" may quickly flip on you. These "informants" may testify against you in your criminal case, hoping that their testimony may convince the state to depart from their guideline sentence. The thinking is, if an informant helps the state put away a criminal on a big crime (such as murder or a sexual assault), then the state may agree to reduce the informant's sentence.

With that in mind, a friendly reminder that if one is ever so unfortunate as to be a "guest" in the local county jail, keep your pants up and your mouth shut!

Tampa Bay Crime and Bonds- what you should know

Fri, 27 Apr 2012 16:36:31 -0500

A thank you for Patrick Henry, guest blogger, who wrote much of this entry. So much of being a St. Petersburg criminal defense lawyer involves not just helping clients with criminal matters. Many times a client needs a less expensive, reliable way to bond out of jail. A bondsman can definitely help in that regard. But how can a bondsman help and what is his/her role in the judicial process?

The Role of Bail and Bail Bonds Agents

The operation of the criminal justice system is foreign to most people. Courts and jails are intimidating places that instill fear and anxiety in people who are there because they are accused of committing a crime. The first questions most people who have been arrested ask their criminal defense attorney is, "How do I get out of jail?" and "How do I do it quickly?"

Bail is the process through which a person's future appearance in court is assured by making release from custody conditioned upon the accused person depositing a sum of money, in an amount decided by the judge. The bail is forfeited if the person fails to return to court.

Most jurisdictions have a bail schedule for minor offenses (such as possession of marijuana or disorderly conduct) posted at the jail or police station to allow a person to be released after posting the designated amount. This avoids the need to bring the arrested person to a courthouse to have a judge set bail.

A judge will set higher bail for offenses that are more serious (such as an aggravated battery or drug trafficking charge), or where the person under arrest has a prior criminal record. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that bail is not a right guaranteed under the Constitution. According to the Supreme Court, all the Constitution requires is that bail not be for an excessive amount. This leaves it solely to the discretion of the judge hearing the case to decide the amount of bail to be posted to secure a person's release. In other words, for the truly serious crimes such as murder, no bond needs to be set at all.

If bail is set in an amount that the accused person can afford to pay, being released from custody is accomplished by depositing cash with the court. If a person does not have the money to post the bail, they will usually seek the services of an experienced bail bonds agent.

Bail bonds agents are licensed to do business in most states. For a non-refundable fee, usually set by the state as a percentage of the amount of the bail, the bail bonds agent posts a bond with the court to secure the person's release. The bail bonds agent is responsible for the appearance of the accused person at all future court proceedings, or the bond posted by the agent is forfeited. This website has a more in-depth guide for bail bonds you can download.

To the person sitting in jail who does not have enough money to post bail, the bail bonds agent's fee is a small price to pay to obtain freedom.

A new Blood-alcohol content (BAC) record?

Wed, 18 Apr 2012 09:50:29 -0500

A story that is so scary its funny... According to an article on the website guyism, we may have a new BAC record...

The man, James Henderson, was first arrested for public intoxication when he was found passed out in a ditch. His Blood-alcohol level was an astonishing 0.552%! This is amazing as it is generally thought that death can occur when the BAC gets in the high 0.200s or 0.3. You generally fall into a coma if your BAC reaches around .400. What makes the story more interesting is that not only did this man make a full recovery but he was again arrested on a disorderly intoxication charge. That time he had a .297!

As a St. Petersburg DUI defense lawyer, I have often been asked to explain BAC and what the limits are in Florida to be convicted of a DUI. BAC (Blood-alcohol content or sometimes breath-alcohol content) is basically measured as a percentage of alcohol in a person's blood.

Generally, in Florida a .08 BAC is considered impaired. This means that 1/8 of one percent of a person's blood is alcohol, by volume. A BAC of .15 or greater is enough to give you enhanced DUI penalties. These penalties generally consist of enhanced fines, more jail time, and a breathalyzer machine being installed in your vehicle. You might be surprised but a .08 BAC often does not equal much alcohol. A slender woman may only need 1-2 glasses of wine before she reaches that limit!

Finally, just as you can be found not guilty with a BAC of .08 or higher, you CAN be convicted of a DUI or Driving under the influence, even if your BAC is below that standard. How a DUI suspect acts, looks, performs certain tests (field sobriety exercises, a subject for another blog) and dozens of other factors along with a potential BAC goes into determing if someone was driving under the influence...

Florida "Stand Your Ground" Law and Trayvon Martin, Part Two

Tue, 03 Apr 2012 16:06:01 -0500

In part one of this blog, we discussed the history and background of Florida's "Stand Your Ground" law and what it means. In this section, we will be discussing both the potential charges Mr. Zimmerman, the alleged shooter, may be facing as well as if this law itself even applies...

What are the possible charges that George Zimmerman faces?

As of this writing, no arrest has been made in this case. Police continue to investigate with no hint of what direction they are leaning to. The most obvious charge is murder. In Florida, murder can be of varying degrees, often depending on if the act was premeditated. If the police determined that Mr. Zimmerman acted with negligence in the killing of Mr. Martin, under Florida law, her could be charged with manslaughter. Mr. Zimmerman could possibly face federal charges if the federal government decides to get involved (possibly through a civil rights violation). Finally, it is important to remember that this is all conjuncture, no charges have been filed yet and Mr. Zimmerman is innocent until proven guilty.

Does Florida "Stand Your Ground" Law apply?

The short answer is...nobody really knows! This law prevents prosecution for murder or other criminal charges but ONLY if George Zimmerman was not the instigator. Using a hypothetical, suppose George Zimmerman repeatedly followed and harrassed Trayvon Martin or if George attacked Trayvon. Then pretend Trayvon started to fight back or retaliate against George. This law could not be used as a defense by Mr. Zimmerman because in that scenario, HE was the instigator and did not try to retreat from the situation. Contrary to many media depictions, this law is not a "get out of jail" card that you can use just because you started a fight and began to lose!

However, suppose Mr. Zimmerman was following Mr. Martin and Trayvon then began to get aggresive towards George. George then retreats but Trayvon continues to attack. If Mr. Zimmerman has a reasonable fear that he may suffer death or great bodily harm, that law may now apply.

The truth is we may never know what occurred that night. Already, there has been much inacurate media portrayals of both parties. All we can hope for is that justice will be done...

Florida "Stand Your Ground" Law and Trayvon Martin, Part One

Wed, 28 Mar 2012 15:26:24 -0500

By now, the whole country has heard about the Trayvon Martin shooting. As of this writing, the facts are still being sorted out and the accused shooter, George Zimmerman, has yet to be arrested. However, there has been much outrage and blame directed towards Florida's "Stand Your Ground" law. The real question remains...does this law even apply to the facts as we know them?

F.S. §776.013(3) - Florida's "Stand Your Ground" Law

"A person who is not engaged in an unlawful activity, and who is attacked in any other place where he or she has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony".

As I am a criminal defense lawyer, I have been recently asked to explain Florida's so-called "Stand Your Ground" law. To explain how we got here, we first need to know where we have been. That takes us to Florida "BSYGL" or "Before Stand Your Ground Law...

Before the 2005 passing of Florida's "Stand Your Ground", a person could only use non-deadly force to defend against the imminent use of unlawful non-deadly force. The only time deadly force was authorized was to defend you or another against immediate deadly force/ great bodily harm. The use of deadly force was also allowed to stop the commission of a forcible felony.

A previous law, the so-called "Castle Doctrine" provided that a person had no duty to retreat prior to using deadly force against an intruder only if you were in one's home or workplace. You would still need a reasonable belief that deadly force was necessary to defend against great bodily harm, deadly force, or the commission of a forcible felony (such as a robbery or sexual assault). Unlike the later "Stand Your Ground" law, you had a "duty to retreat" prior to using deadly force.

Florida " ASYGL" or "After Stand Your Ground Law"

This "Stand Your Ground" Law introduced two (2) presumptions that would favor a criminal defendant who is making a self-defense claim:

1.The presumption that the defendant had a reasonable fear that deadly force was necessary; and
2.The presumption that the intruder intended to commit an unlawful act involving force or violence.

These two presumptions protect the defendant from both civil and criminal prosecution for any unlawful use of deadly or non-deadly force in self-defense. Additionally, the defendant/gun owner has no duty to retreat, regardless of where he is attacked, as long as he is in a location he is lawfully entitled to be when the danger occurs.

Florida's "Stand Your Ground" Law acts as a "presumption of innocence" from prosecution, as opposed to an affirmative defense that you would need to assert in Trial (after being arrested and charged by the State of Florida).

So the question remains...Is this "Stand Your Ground" law in any way responsible or encouraged the killing of Trayvon Martin? Part Two of this blog will talk about both the potential crimes that the shooter may be charged with as well as if this law applies...

Florida Hate Crimes: Are they a step forward or a step back?

Fri, 16 Mar 2012 14:12:15 -0500

A former Rutgers student, after jury trial, has been convicted of anti-gay hate crimes related to invasion of privacy, tampering with evidence and a host of other related crimes. The ex-student faces 10 years in prison based upon his conviction as reported by the LA Times.

The Florida Legislator has deemed many violent crimes specifically targeting a class of individuals as hate crimes. Hate crimes are defines Federally under the 1968 Civil Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. § 245, which establishes a number of criminal penalties for the use of force or intimidation to prevent the free exercise of civil rights on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin. The Act provides penalties for whoever, "by force or threat of force willfully injures, intimidates or interferes with, or attempts to injure, intimidate or interfere with" another (1) "because of" that person's "race, color, religion or national origin. Florida statutes mirror the Federal law: if a crime is deemed as a "hate crime" prosecutors can seek enhanced penalties against the person accused of such acts.

This brings up many important questions regarding race and sexual orientation in the modern era? Aren't all crimes of violence in one way another motivated by an evil intent? In a modern society, should we still inquire about someone sexual orientation or skin color? Do certain members of society need "extra" protection under the law? Are we imposing reverse discrimination to those individuals not in a protected class?

Let's take a closer look at the concept of hate crimes. For example, if two persons of the same race get into a fight and one commits a battery on the other, presumably there is no "hate crime" and the person who allegedly committed the battery would not be subject to enhanced penalties. However, if we alter the hypothetical and the victim of the battery is in a protected class being gay or African American then the same accused could potentially receive a harsher penalty. Is this fair? Presumably both individuals are in a fight and both individual presumably "hate" each other at that moment. Should one individual receive a harsher penalty based upon his or her skin color?

On the other hand, I think society would agree that committing a crime or discriminating toward an individual based upon their race, color, religion, sexual orientation, or nation origin is egregious. Due to the current laws on the books, Legislators feel that those members in the protected class need protection. An important question however is how long does a specific class need "protection"? At what point to we become a color blind society and every individual is treated the same regardless of race and sexual orientation? All these questions are something to think about and society along with the Florida Legislator need to be able to adapt to the changing times of society. Many classes that needed protection in the past may be more mainstream and no longer need or desire the extra protection. The more individuals that are treated differently than others the greater the potential for discrimination.

Hate crimes are based upon America's history of past injustices. At what point are those injustices rectified and America can treat all citizens equally? Only time will answer all the questions. As for now, individuals targeting protected classes to bully or intimidate them, like the former Rutgers student, will face enhanced penalties for their actions. Everyone can agree targeting someone because they are different than the majority is egregious. The only question is, at what point do we determine that all crimes against our citizens are equally egregious?

DUI Checkpoint in Clearwater, Florida Results in Dozens of Arrests.

Fri, 16 Mar 2012 11:18:36 -0500

A DUI checkpoint put in place on Friday night nabbed almost two dozen arrests in Clearwater, per the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office. Per the Tampa Bay Times website, 385 cars were diverted along U.S. 19 at the checkpoint. Ironically, out of the almost two dozen arrests, only one was for DUI , the other arrests were ranging from traffic citations to drug possession.

As a criminal defense attorney, I often get asked questions about the law and specific situations. One series of questions that always seems to come up include checkpoints and their legality. The two main questions I get are as follows:"Are checkpoints legal" and "Can I only get busted for a DUI"?

As to the first question, "Are checkpoints legal"?, the answer is a resounding "maybe"! The Supreme Court has ruled that checkpoints ARE constitutional if they follow certain rules. Most importantely, the cars in a checkpoint cannot be picked to be inspected at random. There needs to be a system in place to ensure that the vehicles at a checkpoint are pulled over in a process. For example, the police can pull over every 3rd car or every 17th vehicle at the checkpoint. The police can also pull over a car if the driver or driving pattern looks suspicious (for example, if a car is weaving at the checkpoint, the vehicle can be pulled over). The police CANNOT pull over a vehicle because of the driver's race, sex or physical appearance.

The second common question I receive, "Can the police at a checkpoint only arrest you for a DUI if you get arrested at a checkpoint" is much easier to answer. That is a resounding "NO"! If the police follow proper protocol in forming a DUI checkpoint, then any other contraband the police find can be used against you. The Clearwater DUI checkpoint in the story above demonstrates that. Out of the nearly two dozen arrests, all but one was for other criminal acts. The police also made arrests for illegal drugs, traffic violations and outstanding warrants.

USA TODAY: All States Should Ban Cell Phone Use While Driving

Mon, 19 Dec 2011 09:09:40 -0500

An interesting story in last week's USA Today poses an interesting an important question to consider this Holiday Season:

Should all states ban cell phone use while driving?

According to the USA Today article, state governments should prohibit all drivers from using portable electronic devices such as cellphones while behind the wheel, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) unanimously recommended Tuesday.

The recommendation from the Safety Board followed a hearing on a Missouri highway crash on Aug. 5, 2010, which killed two (2) people and injured thirty eight (38). The chain-reaction crash of four (4) vehicles included two (2) school buses.

The Board ruled that the initial collision was caused by a pickup driver, Daniel Schatz, 19, who was one of the fatalities, sending eleven (11) text messages in the eleven (11) minutes before the crash. His pickup rammed the back of a tractor-trailer that had slowed for construction on Interstate 44 near Gray Summit.

Schatz's truck was then rear-ended by a school bus, which was rear-ended by another school bus. The buses, which investigators found had brake problems, carried members of the John F. Hodge High School band. A student, Jessica Brinker, 15, who sat in the last row of the first bus, died in the crash.

"Two lives lost in the blink of an eye," said Deborah Hersman, the board chairman. "No call, no text, no update is worth a life."

An estimated 3,092 traffic fatalities in 2010 were blamed on "distracted drivers," according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). More than one (1) in six (6) drivers send text messages while driving, and nearly half of drivers less than 25 years old are doing it, according to a NHTSA survey released last week. And yes, the author of the Tampa Bay Criminal Defense Lawyer Blog is guilty of this (as well).

"This is becoming the new DUI," said Robert Sumwalt, a member of the Safety board. "It's becoming an epidemic."

The District of Columbia and thirty five (35) states ban text messaging for all drivers, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. No state bans all cellphone use for drivers, but nine (9) states and D.C. ban drivers from using handheld cellphones while driving.

Association spokesman Jonathan Adkins said the group supports a texting ban and found in a July report that cell-phone use increases the risk of a crash.

He said he expects the safety-board's recommendation to spur debate, as his group calls for more research on whether banning hands-free use of cell phones makes driving safer.

"This could be a game-changer," Adkins said.

Missouri has a state law prohibiting drivers under 21 years old like the pickup driver from sending texts while driving. But state police issued only 120 tickets for the offense during a two-year period, Sumwalt said.

The Board's federal recommendation for private vehicles would greatly expand previous calls to prohibit cellphone use among commercial drivers.

In September 2010, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration banned commercial drivers from text messaging while operating trucks and buses. The rule applies to about 4 million drivers.

The agency just adopted a prohibition Nov. 23 against commercial drivers using hand-held cellphones while behind the wheel. Violations carry a $2,750 fine. Ouch!!

I'd love to hear what you think about this issue?

MIAMI: Flo Rida Enters "First-Time Offender Program" on DUI Charge

Thu, 15 Dec 2011 13:39:33 -0500

South Florida rapper Flo Rida has entered into a deal in his DUI arrest on Miami Beach in June that will net him no jail time.

According to Flo Rida's attorney Daniel Lurvey, the rapper was allowed to enroll in the "Back On Track" program for first-time offenders. The program requires participants to perform community service and take classes. Flo Rida will also have to pay fees and court costs.

If completed, Flo Rida, whose real name is Tramar Dillard, will have his DUI charge amended to Reckless Driving with a "withhold of adjudication." He will have no points on his license and could be eligible to have his arrest and criminal records Sealed.

Dillard was charged with DUI and Driving with a Suspended License June 9 while in his 2008 Bugatti on the 500 block of Washington Avenue.

While Dillard was being given a sobriety test, a crowd gathered, some asking that the police let Dillard go, others offering to give him a ride home.

FORT LAUDERDALE: Plea Deal Reached in Phoney Breast Exam Scam

Fri, 14 Oct 2011 10:13:53 -0500

According to an online story on SunSentinal.com, a Coconut Creek man accused of posing as a doctor and offering free door-to-door "breast exams" has reached a deal with prosecutors, lawyers told a Broward County judge on Tuesday.

Phillip Winikoff, 81, was accused in April 2006 of carrying on the ruse with women at an apartment complex in the 3200 block of Northwest 40th Street in Lauderdale Lakes. Investigators said two (2) women took Winikoff up on the offer, allowed him into their apartments and realized something was amiss only after the phony "breast exams" started.

Winikoff was charged with three (3) Felony counts of Sexual Battery, two (2) counts of Practicing Medicine without a License, two (2) counts of Simple Battery, and one (1) count of Using the Title of Doctor without a License.

If tried and convicted, he could have been sentenced to more than forty-five (45) years in the Florida State Prison system for the Sexual Battery charges and another ten (10) years for Practicing Medicine without a License.

It was not revealed Tuesday whether the deal Winikoff reached with prosecutors will keep him out of prison.

Winikoff, who was in court with a half-dozen family members, was scheduled to enter a plea of either Guilty or No Contest, but by the time the prosecutor and Winikoff's lawyer arrived, Broward Circuit Judge Sandra Perlman said she had a Trial to oversee and needed to reschedule the Winikoff plea. No firm date was set.

At the time of Winikoff's arrest, the Broward County Sheriff's Office said he carried a little black bag to lend credibility to his claim of being a doctor. The first victim, 36 years old at the time, told detectives he started the exam by fondling her breasts, and she knew something was wrong when his hands wandered elsewhere.

By the time the victim called 911, Winikoff had already found a second victim, the Broward County Sheriff's Office said.

LADIES, PLEASE TAKE NOTE: The next time a man shows up on your doorstep claiming to be a doctor who performs free door-to-door "breast exams," think twice about accepting his offer. Yes, even if he's got a black doctor's bag.

NEW PORT RICHEY: "Operation No Appointment Necessary" Rounds Up Dozens of Suspects in Multi-County Prescription Drug Sting

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 11:04:03 -0500

According to a story in today's St. Petersburg Times, dozens of suspects have been rounded up (and dozens more are still wanted) in a multi-county prescription drug operation known as "Operation No Appointment Necessary."

The St. Pete Times reports the following:

The phony prescriptions were printed out on a home computer and passed out to "runners" who got them filled at local pharmacies.

Then the pain pills were divvied up: half for the runner to keep, half for the drug dealer to sell at street prices that, in some parts of Florida, are up to thirty (30) times what they cost at a pharmacy.

Authorities said that's how more than 400,000 30-milligram Oxycodone tablets (otherwise known as "blues" for their color) got into the wrong hands during a nine (9) month span beginning in October 2009.

On Monday, several local law enforcement agencies launched a multi-jurisdictional effort to arrest some of the members of a sophisticated Tampa Bay area Drug Trafficking ring.

"These criminals don't know any boundaries and neither should we," said Pasco County Sheriff Chris Nocco.

By day's end, officials had located forty one (41) of the seventy two (72) people sought in the second phase of "Operation No Appointment Necessary." Some were already in local jails; others were arrested in Pinellas, Pasco and Hernando counties.

The first phase of this operation, which began in March, has so far netted sixty six (66) of ninety four (94) suspects. And investigators had previously made about one hundred forty (140) other arrests in connection with the case.

Monday's sweep was a joint effort between the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office Countywide Diversion Task Force, the Pasco County Sheriff's Office, the Hernando County Sheriff's Office and the New Port Richey Police Department.

Officials say those being arrested as part of both phases of the operation were mostly low-level offenders, accused of passing the fake prescriptions or Doctor Shopping. The top tier of the organization has already been "dismantled," said Pinellas County Sheriff's Office Capt. Robert Alfonso.

Those people are facing Federal charges, but Alfonso declined to identify them, citing the ongoing nature of the large-scale investigation.

During the investigation, detectives identified twenty seven (27) doctors whose names were being fraudulently used by the drug ring. The doctors, whose prescription pads had been stolen or duplicated, cooperated with investigators.

Monday's sweep came just a few weeks after a state report revealed that the number of people fatally overdosing on prescription drugs in Florida went up nearly nine (9) percent from 2009 to 2010.

According to the report, the Pinellas-Pasco medical examiner's district led the state in 2010 in deaths from all six (6) of the most lethal prescription drugs -- Oxycodone, Alprazolam (Xanax), Methadone, Hydrocodone (Vicodin), Morphine and Diazepam (Valium).

And addiction is at the heart of the matter, officials said.

"A lot of people get involved because of addiction situations," Alfonso said. "They are addicted to these painkillers and they have to feed their addiction by going out and getting these pills and then they sell them as well as using them."

Oxycodone pills that cost about $1 apiece at a pharmacy are going for $8 to $15 on the street in the Tampa Bay area, Alfonso said. In more rural areas of North Florida, they can bring as much as $30 a pill.

Detectives estimate the value of the pills received through the fraudulent prescriptions in this investigation at more than $4 million.

The number may seem staggering, but it's only a drop in the bucket, Alfonso said. "This is only one organization of many that are out there," he said.

ST. PETERSBURG: More Red Light Cameras On the Way

Tue, 20 Sep 2011 11:54:09 -0500

Starting September 15, 2011, St. Petersburg drivers at certain stop lights will be able to wave at stop light cameras while red-light runners will get their pictures taken and a warning in the mail.

Certain intersections in Pinellas county are getting cameras attached to the signals. Red Light Cameras, as they are called, will capture still images and video of red-light running drivers and their plates. These cameras are currently being used at many lights already in the Tampa Bay area.

Now the City of St. Petersburg is installing even more. The City's transportation officials have launched a new public safety program called "Stop on Red." Currently the city is posting warning signs alerting drivers that the red-light safety cameras will be installed at the signals.

Police say studies show that drivers tend to change their red light running habits with cameras watching them. Law enforcement like to think of the red light cameras as a form of behavior modification. Opponents say the cameras and the fines they generate, are a huge moneymaker for law enforcement agencies and doubt that they will stop fatalities.

Installation of the Red Light Cameras and warning signs has been finalized at these St. Petersburg intersections:

*** 4th Street and Gandy Boulevard ***
*** 4th Street and 54th Avenue North ***
*** 4th Street and 22nd Avenue North ***
*** 6th Street and 5th Avenue North ***
*** 34th Street and 38th Avenue North ***
*** 34th Street and 1st Avenue North ***
*** 34th Street and 1st Avenue South ***
*** 34th Street and 22nd Avenue South ***
*** 66th Street and 38th Avenue North ***
*** 66th Street and Tyrone Boulevard ***

These intersections were chosen after a crash study identified these locations as high -risk for accidents. Over the past three (3) years the city has had twenty one (21) fatal crashes at stop lights, with 13 deaths related to red-light runners.

Starting September 15, 2011, drivers caught on tape running these signals will receive a mailed "warning," sent to the registered owner of the car. Then thirty (30) days later on October 15, 2011, Traffic Citations by mail will be issued if someone runs these lights. Running a red-light could set you back $158.00, and can increase to $264.00 or higher if paid late.

There are at least thirty (30) Red Light Cameras mounted in Tampa Bay including, over twenty (20) in Hillsborough County.

Previously approved Red Light Cameras in South Pasadena are now at the following locations:

*** Northbound Pasadena Avenue South @ Sailboat Key Boulevard South ***
*** Northbound Pasadena Avenue South @ Shore Drive South ***
*** Northbound Pasadena Avenue South @ Park Street South ***
*** Southbound Pasadena Avenue South. @ Gulfport Boulevard South ***
*** Southbound Pasadena Avenue South @ Shore Drive South ***

CONSIDER YOURSELF WARNED