New York Probate and Estate Administration Lawyer Blog
This is a proceeding to construe and reform Article III, the residuary clause, of the last will and testament of the decedent so as to enable the estate to qualify for an unlimited New York estate tax marital deduction. While an application to reform a will to enable the estate to qualify for a deduction for New York estate tax purposes and not federal may be uncommon, it is permissible.
The decedent died on July 21, 1988 survived by a spouse and three children. His will, dated December 14, 1979, was duly admitted to probate on December 19, 1988. Under Article III of the will the residuary estate, which comprises the entire estate with the exception of some personalty previously bequeathed to his wife, is divided into two trusts, Trust A and Trust B. Under Trust A, the decedent bequeathed in trust for his wife the following: “A pecuniary amount equal to the maximum marital deduction allowable to my estate for Federal estate tax purposes ($250,000 or 50% of my adjusted gross estate, as the case may be, less any adjustment required for marital deduction gifts made by me during my lifetime), less the aggregate amount of marital deductions, if any, allowed for interests in property passing or which have passed to my wife otherwise than by the terms of this Article, and less also the amount if any, required to increase my taxable estate to the maximum amount as to which, considering all deductions and credits allowable to my estate, there will be no federal estate tax payable by reason of my death.”
Under the terms of Trust A, his wife receives the entire income for life, to be made at least quarter-annually, and an unrestricted right to invade principal. The wife has a testamentary power of appointment over the corpus and in default thereof, the corpus is to be added to the principal of Trust B. Under the terms of Trust B, the income is to be distributed at least quarter-annually to the spouse for life, subject to her need for the same, with power in the trustee to distribute income amongst the decedent’s descendants and their spouses. The trustee has discretion to invade principal for the benefit of the spouse. Upon the wife’s death, the principal passes equally to the decedent’s children, then living, or their descendants.
Decedent’s wife, who is also the executrix of the estate, as well as the decedent’s three children and their spouses request and/or consent to a construction of the will which would allocate the entire residuary to Trust A, thereby eliminating Trust B.
By virtue of the unified credit under Internal Revenue Code § 2010(c) the estate will be shielded from Federal estate tax liability, irrespective of whether the unlimited marital deduction is available. However, the comparatively lower New York unified credit equivalent of $108,333.00 will not exempt the estate from New York estate tax liability. Accordingly, reformation herein is sought for the purpose of avoiding New York estate taxes only.
At the time the will was executed, the maximum marital deduction allowable for both Federal and New York estate tax purposes was equal to the greater of $250,000 or one-half the adjusted gross estate as provided by the Tax Reform Act of 1976 (TRA: 90 U.S.Stat. 1525). The monetary limitation on the federal estate tax marital deduction was eliminated and made unlimited by the Economic Recovery Tax Act for decedent’s dying after 1981. Subsequently, New York followed suit and eliminated the monetary limitation on the New York estate tax marital deduction for decedent’s dying after September 30, 1983. McKinney’s Session Laws of N.Y.1982, C. 916, § 83.
Despite the fact that many provisions of a will are tax motivated, many persons fail to revise their wills to reflect these changes in the tax laws. Consequently, courts are repeatedly requested to reform wills so that an intention to minimize taxes will not be defeated. Where, as here, revision is sought for the purpose of receiving the benefit of the unlimited marital deduction not available at the time the will was executed, such relief has been held to be warranted where an intention to minimize taxes is coupled with a primary intention to benefit the spouse. Evidence of such intent has been found to exist where the will contains a maximum marital deduction formula provision and a provision directing the executor to compute the marital deduction in accordance with the laws in effect at the time of the decedent’s death. It is observed that the ERTA does not define what is meant by a maximum marital deduction formula provision. As to this point, courts and treatises have classified a provision which refers to the “maximum marital deduction as defined by the TRA” or a provision which bequeaths to the spouse “one-half the adjusted gross estate” as maximum marital deduction formula provisions.
The decedent’s will contains both a maximum marital deduction formula provision and a provision expressly requiring the executor to compute the marital deduction in accordance with the laws in effect at the time of the decedent’s death. The wife’s unlimited right to the income and the principal of Trust A as well as her entitlement to discretionary payments of the income and principal of Trust B reveals that the decedent considered her welfare to be of primary importance. While the wife’s entitlement to the income of Trust B was not hers exclusively, the trustee had no discretion to distribute income to others unless the wife did not need the additional income for her care. Further, the trustee’s power to invade the principal was exercisable only for the benefit of the wife.
On the basis of the above, the entire residuary estate is allocated to Trust A, thereby eliminating Trust B. Accordingly, the estate may now qualify for the unlimited marital deduction.
If you want to contest the partition of the estate, seek the legal representation of Stephen Bilkis and Associates.